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MARKETING

To succeed, entrepreneurs and businesses must attract and retain a growing base of satisfied customers. Marketing programs, though widely varied, are aimed at convincing people to try or keep using particular products or services. Business owners need to carefully plan their marketing strategies and review performance to keep their market presence strong.

Prior to developing and implementing a marketing plan you must do the following:

  • Determine the needs of your customers through market research.
  • Analyze your advantages vs the competitions.
  • Select specific markets to serve by target marketing.
  • Determine how to satisfy customer needs by identifying a market mix.

Successful marketing requires timely and relevant market information. An inexpensive research program, based on questionnaires given to current or prospective customers, can often uncover consumers needs, dissatisfaction or possible new products or services.

Market research also can identify trends that affect sales and profitability. Population shifts, legal developments, and the local economic situation should be monitored to quickly identify problems and opportunities. It is also important to keep up with competitors' market strategies.

Marketing Strategy

A marketing strategy identifies customer groups, which a particular business can better serve than its target competitors, and tailors product offerings, prices, distribution, promotional efforts, and services toward those market segments. A good strategy helps a business focus on the target markets it can serve best. Ideally, the strategy should address unmet customer needs that are profitable.

Target Marketing

Owners of small businesses usually have limited resources to spend on marketing. Concentrating their efforts on one or a few key market segments - target marketing - gets the most return from small investments. There are two methods used to segment a market:

  1. Geographical segmentation - Specializing in serving the needs of customers in a particular geographical area. For example, a neighborhood convenience store may send advertisements only to people living within one-half mile of the store.
     
  2. Customer segmentation - Identifying those people most likely to buy the product or service and targeting those groups.

Every marketing program contains four key components, which are combined into an overall marketing program.

  • Products and Services
  • Promotion
  • Distribution
  • Pricing

Products and Services - Product strategies may include concentrating on a limited product line, developing a specialized product or service, or providing a product-service package that is unusually high-quality service.

Promotion - Promotion strategies include advertising and direct customer interaction. Good salesmanship is essential for small businesses because of their limited ability to spend on advertising. Direct mail is an effective, low-cost medium available to small business.

Price - The right price is crucial for maximizing total revenue. Generally, higher prices mean lower volume and vice-versa; however, small businesses can often command higher prices because of their personalized service.

Distribution - The manufacturer and wholesaler must decide how to distribute their products. Working through established distributors or manufacturers' agents generally is easiest for small manufacturers. Small retailers should consider cost and traffic flow in site selection, especially since advertising and rent can be reciprocal: A low-cost, low-traffic location means spending more on advertising to build traffic.

The nature of the product or service is also important in siting decisions. If purchases are based largely on impulse, then high traffic and visibility are critical. On the other hand, location is less a concern for products or services that customers are willing to go out of their way to find. The recent availability of highly segmented mailing lists enables small businesses to operate from any location yet serve national or international markets.

Marketing Performance

After implementing a marketing program, entrepreneurs and small businesses must evaluate its performance. Every program should have performance standards to compare with actual results. Researching industry norms and past performance will help to develop appropriate standards.

Entrepreneurs should audit their company's performance at least quarterly. The key questions are:

  1. Is the company doing all it can to be customer-oriented?
     
  2. Do employees ensure the customers are satisfied and leave wanting to come back?
     
  3. Is it easy for the customer to find what he or she wants at a competitive price?